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Sudan's anti-corruption efforts have historically been lax, with existing laws being inadequately implemented. The extractives industry presents a particular governance challenge.

Although no former Soviet Union states have fully achieved robust and independent anti-corruption systems, some are making better progress than others.

Corruption is a business risk for the private sector. Government and civil society supported anti-corruption initiatives involving the private sector operate to mainstream corporate compliance systems.

Mixed results from anti-corruption interventions in Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco and Palestine. Summary of available evidence on reforms and citizen engagement.

The Malawian government elected in 2020 has taken measures to improve anti-corruption efforts by strengthening the Anti-Corruption Bureau, launching a new strategy, and creating an Economic and Financial Crime Court, but corruption remains a major problem as indicated by high-profile scandals involving prominent public officials.

Reward and sanction schemes for public officials should also consider non-material factors like moral and social influences, with organisational elements such as ethical leadership and participant involvement enhancing their effectiveness.

Findings on the impact of anti-corruption awareness campaigns suggest that highlighting progress in anti-corruption efforts and the public's strong disapproval of corrupt practices leads to improved results.

Corruption in fragile and conflict affected contexts has a disproportionate impact on women and girls, reinforcing existing inequalities and undermining peacebuilding efforts.