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Investment promotion agencies can push for integrity and anti-corruption efforts through training, advisory and facilitation services, and access to information about the business environment and legal framework.

Corruption is a business risk for the private sector. Government and civil society supported anti-corruption initiatives involving the private sector operate to mainstream corporate compliance systems.

More and more countries are attempting to recover illegally obtained assets via private actors, which can be faster and more efficient than the criminal avenue based on international cooperation, yet are considerably more expensive.

Innovative metrics and methodologies offer promising avenues for enhancing the effectiveness of integrity training.

Despite reforms across many sectors, notably in the oil and telecommunications industries, enforcement of the relatively strong legal and institutional anti-corruption framework remains poor.

Corruption risks in urbanisation threaten ambitions for a prosperous, inclusive, resilient urban future. Urban planners’ professional community is potentially a potent source of integrity – through its self-image, purpose, values, and ethical responsibilities.

Governments and international organisations have increasingly advocated the use of blended finance to fill the ‘financing gap’ between current public spending commitments and target levels of investment needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

Collusive contracting and kickbacks remain widespread in the energy and infrastructure sectors, while industries driven by fast-moving consumer durables, such as telecommunications, seem to be becoming more resistant to such practices.