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U4 Theme:

Corruption in the education sector

Corruption in the education sector.pdf

The U4 theme page on corruption in the education sector provides essential resources about the challenges posed by corruption in the sector with a focus on development cooperation and the implementation of aid projects.



CONTENTS

Corruption in the Education Sector
U4 (U4 Issue 2006:4)

The U4 theme page on Corruption in the Education sector provides essential resources about the challenges posed by corruption in the education sector with a focus on development co-operation and the implementation of aid projects. The pages have been developed by U4 based on research by Transparency International.

Confronting corruption in education: Advancing accountable practices through budget monitoring
Turrent, Victoria (U4 Brief 2009:7)

This brief discusses the experience of the Commonwealth Education Fund, in which budget monitoring is employed as an anti-corruption tool in the education sector. It presents its strengths and limitations - arguing for increased access to budget information and greater civil society participation in such processes.

The Power of Data: Enhancing Transparency in the Education Sector in Sierra Leone
Hamminger, Leo (U4 Brief 2008:22)

An Education Management Information System can highlight malpractices related to anything from record keeping, teacher salaries, building new schools, and educational indicators. In 2006, UNESCO placed two experts in the Education Ministry in Sierra Leone with the task of developing on of such systems. This brief explores its characteristics and potential to mitigate corruption in the sector.

Teachers and Taxis: Corruption in the Education Sector in Honduras
Fontana, Alessandra (U4 Brief 2008:16)

This brief, a product of a U4 workshop in Honduras in 2007, discusses from budget issues to the education law, passing by the activity of teachers' unions in Honduras. Its aim is to address the main challenges faced by Hondurans in their fight against corruption in the education sector.

Corruption-free Education. Lessons from a State- and Civil Society Joint Initiative in Peru
Castilla, Samuel Rotta (U4 Brief 2008:6)

This U4 Brief presents an anti-corruption experience in the education sector in Peru, undertaken by a partnership between the State (the Defensoría del Pueblo, or Public Ombudsman) and civil society (Proética, Transparency International chapter in the country).

Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys: Lessons from Tanzania
Sundet, Geir (U4 Brief 2007:14)

Not much has been written about the less successful PETS experiences. This brief presents the Tanzanian experience, which clearly shows that PETS is not a silver bullet as vested interests can easily derail the process.



WEB-EDITION OF U4 ISSUE 2006:4
General Introduction:

Introduction

Where does corruption occur?

Common forms of corruption

Causes of corruption

What can be done?

Schematic typology (pdf 84 KB)


Salaries:

Pay reform in the context of civil service reform

The importance of salaries in fighting corruption

The problems in the education sector

Project examples and some lessons learned

Budget transparency:

Transparency standards

Opportunities for corruption in the budget process

Measures to promote budget transparency

Public participation in the budget process

Formula Funding in education finance:

Decentralisation of financial management

A means to prevent corruption

Ensuring effectiveness of formula funding

Further reading on Formula Funding of schools

Good Practice example from Ecuador

Other education-relevant U4 Theme Pages:

Corruption in public procurement: Education sector

Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys: Education sector

 

 
Corruption in the education sector
Salaries
Budget transparency
Formula funding
Literature review
English English
Spanish Español
French Français

Query the U4 helpdesk about corruption in the education sector

U4 welcomes any feedback on the U4 Education pages


CONTACT

Alessandra Fontana
Programme coordinator (U4)
alessandra.fontana@cmi.no
+47 47938074


RELEVANT EXPERT ANSWERS

Donors’ Contributions to Anti-Corruption in the Education Sector

Low salaries, the culture of per diems and corruption

Corruption challenges at sub-national level in Indonesia

Gender, corruption and education

The impact of strengthening citizen demand for anti-corruption reform

Corruption in the education sector in Bangladesh

Corruption in the health and education sectors in Mali

Role of education in fighting corruption

Tackling forms of corruption that affect the poor most

Approaches to fighting corruption in education


RECOMMENDED READING
Guidelines for the design and effective use of teacher codes of conducts
Poisson, M (2009)

To increase the professionalization of teacher, several countries have developed codes of conduct in the education sector. But even when such codes exist, their impact is sometimes questionable due to a variety of reasons. UNESCO has developed comprehensive guidelines not only to guide countries willing to design (or review) their code but also to implement and monitor how the code is used at all levels in the sector, including its integration into teachers’ education and professional development.

The shadow education system: private tutoring and its implications for planners
Bray, M (1999)

This booklet problematises the phenomenon of private tuition. It states that private tuition has become part of the education environment to such an extent that nobody really questions its existence. Private tutoring has grown to become a vast enterprise and fee-free education doesn't necessarily mean free of cost. A central argument is that private supplementary tutoring deserves much greater attention than it has so far received. Different sides of private tutoring are discussed with the aim of uncovering both positive and negative aspects. The author questions whether schooling in the public system should be free of charge since people appear both willing and able to pay a lot of money for private tutoring. However, private tutoring may have an impact on social inequalities and economic development in different societies. Corruption is not mentioned, but there is a clear connection between what is said here about private tutoring and various forms of government corruption.

Preventing Corruption in the Education System
Ochse, K L (2004)

This practical guide is produced by GTZ under the sector project ‘Prevention of Corruption’, and addresses those responsible for development cooperation projects aiming to promote reform in the education sector. The guide aims to provide ideas and practical support, and to indicate ways of integrating corruption-prevention components appropriately in projects of this nature. Based on the priorities of German development cooperation in the Education system, the guide is built around the identification of manifestations and possible weak points in terms of corruption related to 1) personnel, 2) the finance and procurement system in educational institutions, 3) access to educational institutions, and 4) quality and quantity of education. The guide proceeds to point out measures to prevent corruption for each of these areas.


RECOMMENDED RESOURCES AND EVENTS

Monitoring budgets for better schools
(CEF, 2008)

Can children understand school budgets - and monitor them up to influence the dismissal of corrupt school officials? Are villagers able to discuss school budgets and education policy with parliamentarians? It seems to be the case in the five developing countries featured in this report. The Commonwealth Education Fund (CEF) brings out case studies of budget monitoring work conducted by local communities. Local groups learned specific economic terms, were shown how to analyse budgets, and performed a monitoring role that helped them improve governance at community schools and influence policy at the central level. CEF's report tells, step by step, the experiences of school budget monitoring in Bangladesh, Kenya, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda.

Maximizing the Performance of Education Systems: The Case of Teacher Absenteeism .pdf
(Patrinos, H. and Kagia, R. (2007), in Campos, J. and Pradhan, S. (ed). The Many Faces of Corruption: Tracking Vulnerabilities at the Sector Level, Washington D.C.: The World Bank)
Teachers correspond to the most important feature of the education system, not only because their salaries account for most of expenditures in such sector but also because they are the gatekeepers of education service.Teachers’ absenteeism is associated with a reduction of pupils' achievement, overall denigration of school’s performance as well as the provision of negative models to students. Therefore, losses associated with it pose a threat to the country’s growth potential. This paper presents various findings and and studies, as well as strategies and examples on how to combat absenteeism.

Corrupt schools, corrupt universities. What can be done? Corrupt Schools, Corrupt Universities. What can be done?.pdf
(Version française .pdf)
(Hallak, J. and Poisson, M., Dec 2006. Institute of International Educational Planning (IIEP) - UNESCO)
Rigged calls for tender, embezzlement, academic fraud: Corruption in education is widespread and manifold. This publication draws lessons from six years of research, covering the experiences of over 60 countries. It makes valuable recommendations for education professionals and provides them with key tools. Click on the link above to download the book.


RESOURCES FROM CIHE

The Higher Education Corruption Monitor

Academic Corruption in The News:
Articles on Corruption in Higher Education 2000-2006

The Center for International Higher Education


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