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[(diem )-183(\223arms )-183(race\224, )-183(where )-183(external )-183(donors )-183(bid )-183(up )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(allowances )27(in )27(an )27(attempt )27(to )27(get )27(key )27(decision )27(makers )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(to )-194(prioritise )-194(the )-194(donor\222)74(s )-194(activities. )-194(In )-194(some )-194(cases, )]TJ
T*
[(national )-131(governments )-131(contribute )-131(to )-130(the )-131(\223per )-131(diem )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(race\224 )-121(by )-121(setting )-121(unrealistically )-121(high )-121(allowances. )-121(Is )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(it )-111(possible )-111(for )-111(donors )-111(and )-111(government )-111(agencies )-111(to )]TJ
T*
[(coordinate )-79(their )-79(allowance )-79(policies )-79(and )-79(de-escalate )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(this )-279(race? )-279(Previous )-279(attempts )-279(to )-279(align )-279(procedures )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(have )-96(failed. )-96(Someone )-96(always )-96(seems )-96(to )-96(break )-96(rank, )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(thus )-389(further )-389(undermining )-389(trust )-389(between )-389(donors )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(in )-296(the )-296(field. )-296(However)111(, )-296(we )-296(do )-296(not )-296(know )-296(at )-296(this )]TJ
T*
[(stage )-288(whether )-288(coordination )-288(of )-288(per )-288(diem )-288(policies )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(will )-131(reduce )-131(negative )-131(impacts. )-131(These )-131(are )-131(important )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(questions )-28(for )-28(analysis )-28(and )-28(discussion.)]TJ
0 -1.58 TD
[(One )-341(way )-341(to )-341(promote )-341(donor )-341(coordination )-341(is )-341(to )]TJ
0.013 Tc 0 -1.087 TD
[(s)1(h)1(a)1(r)1(e)1( )-464(b)1(e)1(s)1(t)1( )-464(p)1(r)1(a)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(c)1(e)1(s)1( )-464(i)1(n)1( )-464(a)1(d)1(m)1(i)1(n)1(i)1(s)1(t)1(r)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1( )-464(o)1(f)1( )-464(p)1(e)1(r)13( )]TJ
0 Tc 0 -1.087 TD
[(diems )-223(to )-223(avoid )-223(perverse )-223(incentives. )-223(For )-223(example, )]TJ
T*
[(a )-89(faith-based )-89(organisation )-89(in )-89(Cameroon )-89(developed )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(procedures )-301(which )-301(required )-301(employees )-301(who )-301(were )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(paid )-380(externally-funded )-380(per )-380(diems )-380(to )-380(return )-380(the )]TJ
T*
[(excess )-17(amount )-17(\(over )-17(actual )-17(expenses\) )-17(to )-17(the )-17(project )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(budget )-343(account. )-343(The )-343(administrator )-343(was )-343(able )-343(to )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(g)-10(e)-10(t)-10( )-427(p)-10(e)-10(o)-10(p)-10(l)-10(e)-10( )-427(t)-10(o)-10( )-427(f)-10(o)-10(l)-10(l)-10(o)-10(w)-10( )-427(t)-10(h)-10(e)-10( )-427(n)-10(e)-10(w)-10( )-427(p)-10(o)-10(l)-10(i)-10(c)-10(y)-10( )-427(t)-10(h)-10(r)-10(o)-10(u)-10(g)-10(h )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(s)-1(t)-1(r)-1(o)-1(n)-1(g)-1( )-418(l)-1(e)-1(a)-1(d)-1(e)-1(r)-1(s)-1(h)-1(i)-1(p)-1( )-418(a)-1(n)-1(d)-1( )-418(t)-1(r)-1(a)-1(n)-1(s)-1(p)-1(a)-1(r)-1(e)-1(n)-1(c)-1(y)-1( )-418(i)-1(n)-1( )-418(s)-1(h)-1(o)-1(w)-1(i)-1(n)-1(g )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(how )-207(the )-207(\223excess )-207(per )-207(diem\224 )-207(revenue )-207(was )-207(funding )]TJ
T*
[(the )-85(expansion )-85(of )-85(programme )-85(activities. )-85(After )-85(three )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(months, )-143(the )-143(people )-143(working )-143(on )-143(the )-143(project )-143(began )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(to )-50(see )-50(the )-50(results )-50(they )-50(were )-50(able )-50(to )-50(accomplish )-50(and )]TJ
T*
[(became )-215(committed )-215(to )-215(the )-215(programme )-215(because )-215(of )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(these )-28(results. )-28(Per )-28(diems )-28(were )-28(no )-28(longer )-28(an )-28(issue.)]TJ
0 -1.58 TD
[(Documentation )-357(of )-357(similar )-357(experiments )-357(with )-357(the )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
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23.273 57.302 Td
[(spread )-417(the )-417(adoption )-417(of )-417(more )-417(rational )-417(policies. )]TJ
T*
[(Donor )-189(organisations )-189(could )-189(benefit )-189(from )-189(guidance )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(on )-21(how )-21(to )-21(set )-21(levels )-21(of )-21(per )-21(diems )-21(to )-21(avoid )-21(per )-21(diem )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
(escalation.)Tj
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[(Whether )-405(per )-405(diem )-405(policies )-405(change )-405(or )-405(not, )-405(the )]TJ
T*
[(problem )-40(of )-40(fraud )-40(should )-40(be )-40(addressed. )-40(Guidance )-40(is )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
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0 -1.087 TD
[(detect )54(common )54(types )54(of )54(fraud )54(in )54(cost-effective )54(ways. )]TJ
T*
[(Investment )-255(in )-255(fraud )-255(control )-255(often )-255(pays )-255(for )-255(itself )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(\(V)37(ian )-220(2009\). )-220(Actions )-220(to )-220(control )-220(per )-220(diem-related )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(fraud )-159(should )-159(be )-159(part )-159(of )-159(a )-159(comprehensive )-159(strategy )]TJ
T*
[(for )-28(financial )-28(fraud )-28(control )-28(in )-28(health )-28(programmes.)]TJ
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T*
[(countries )-122(can )-122(sometimes )-122(create )-122(distortions )-122(in )-122(time )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(and )-19(resource )-19(allocation, )-19(and )-19(may )-19(provide )-19(pressures )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(and )-95(opportunities )-95(for )-95(fraud. )-95(More )-95(work )-95(is )-95(needed )]TJ
T*
[(to )-301(understand )-301(the )-301(complex )-301(interactions )-301(between )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(per )-290(diem )-290(payments, )-290(motivation, )-290(governance )-290(and )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
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T*
[(explore )-270(how )-270(recipients )-270(and )-270(payers )-270(of )-270(per )-270(diems )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
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0 -1.087 TD
[(would )-125(be )-125(a )-125(helpful )-125(first )-125(step )-125(in )-125(understanding )-125(the )]TJ
T*
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0 -1.087 TD
[(on )-390(aid )-390(effectiveness )-390(and )-390(development. )-390(It )-390(could )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
[(also )-222(help )-222(us )-222(identify )-222(appropriate )-222(and )-222(sustainable )]TJ
0 -1.087 TD
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T*
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[(http://www)92(.afro.who.int/whd2005/imci/zambia.pdf)]TJ
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[(per)55(-diem-culture.html)]TJ
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T*
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-0.945 -2 Td
[(Jack, A \(2009\) \223Expenses culture has high cost for world\222)74(s )]TJ
0.945 -1.111 Td
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[<002C007D0062000300120080008D0038008D004F0080003800870003002C>37<0080008A006200B5>]TJ
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EMC
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(html?nclick_check=1)Tj
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0.945 -1.111 Td
[(Chain Management\224 in V)37(ian, T)111(, Savedoff, W)129(, and Mathisen H )]TJ
0 -1.111 TD
(\(eds\) \(2009\) )Tj
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0 -1.111 TD
[<002C>55<00B20038008D00B5009D003800B20062008D004F00CB00030038008D0059000300D0004F004F009100C2008D00BD0038004600800087008000BD00CB>]TJ
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